ENV(1) General Commands Manual ENV(1)

env — set the environment for command invocation

env [-i][name=value]... [utility [argument ...]file ...]

The env utility shall obtain the current environment, modify it according to its arguments, then invoke the utility named by the utility operand with the modified environment.

Optional arguments shall be passed to utility.

If no utility operand is specified, the resulting environment shall be written to the standard output, with one name = value pair per line.

The env utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”), xbd_chap12(7).

The following options shall be supported:

Invoke utility with exactly the environment specified by the arguments; the inherited environment shall be ignored completely.

The following operands shall be supported:

Arguments of the form name = value shall modify the execution environment, and shall be placed into the inherited environment before the utility is invoked.
utility
The name of the utility to be invoked. If the utility operand names any of the special built-in utilities in Special Built-In Utilities , the results are undefined.
argument
A string to pass as an argument for the invoked utility.

Not used.

None.

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of env:

Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”), Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
[ XSI] Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
Determine the location of the utility , as described in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”), Chapter 8, Environment Variables . If PATH is specified as a name = value operand to env , the value given shall be used in the search for utility .

Default.

If no utility operand is specified, each name = value pair in the resulting environment shall be written in the form:

"%s=%s\n", <name>, <value>

If the utility operand is specified, the env utility shall not write to standard output.

The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

None.

None.

If utility is invoked, the exit status of env shall be the exit status of utility; otherwise, the env utility shall exit with one of the following values:

The env utility completed successfully.
An error occurred in the env utility.
The utility specified by utility was found but could not be invoked.
The utility specified by utility could not be found.

Default.

The command(1), env, nice(1), nohup(1), time(1), and xargs(1) utilities have been specified to use exit code 127 if an error occurs so that applications can distinguish "failure to find a utility" from "invoked utility exited with an error indication". The value 127 was chosen because it is not commonly used for other meanings; most utilities use small values for "normal error conditions" and the values above 128 can be confused with termination due to receipt of a signal. The value 126 was chosen in a similar manner to indicate that the utility could be found, but not invoked. Some scripts produce meaningful error messages differentiating the 126 and 127 cases. The distinction between exit codes 126 and 127 is based on KornShell practice that uses 127 when all attempts to exec the utility fail with [ENOENT], and uses 126 when any attempt to exec the utility fails for any other reason.

Historical implementations of the env utility use the execvp(3) or execlp(3) functions defined in the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”) to invoke the specified utility; this provides better performance and keeps users from having to escape characters with special meaning to the shell. Therefore, shell functions, special built-ins, and built-ins that are only provided by the shell are not found.

The following command:

env -i PATH=/mybin mygrep xyz myfile

invokes the command mygrep with a new PATH value as the only entry in its environment. In this case, PATH is used to locate mygrep, which then must reside in .

As with all other utilities that invoke other utilities, this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”) only specifies what env does with standard input, standard output, standard error, input files, and output files. If a utility is executed, it is not constrained by the specification of input and output by env.

The -i option was added to allow the functionality of the withdrawn - option in a manner compatible with the Utility Syntax Guidelines.

Some have suggested that env is redundant since the same effect is achieved by:

name=value ... utility [ argument ... ]

The example is equivalent to env when an environment variable is being added to the environment of the command, but not when the environment is being set to the given value. The env utility also writes out the current environment if invoked without arguments. There is sufficient functionality beyond what the example provides to justify inclusion of env.

None.

xcu_chap02(1), xcu_chap02(1)

First released in Issue 2.

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January 1, 2004 posix.fail